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Sources can be from Well, Land-based bodies of water, vapor collection, and synthesis
Sanitation also plays an important role in all but synthesized water. I'm going to do some more research on synthesize water, but from a general knowledge you can synthesize water effectively with Hydrocarbons, and for anybody who knows General Chemistry you should see the problem of that which arises:
CH4 + 3O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O
Water isn't the only yield, Carbon dioxide is too. You can also literally just combust Oxygen with Hydrogen, as illustrated:
4H2 + O2 -> 2H2O
This requires both pure hydrogen and oxygen, not exactly easy things to get. Also, the coefficients are very high, so just to get a little water we'd need a hell lot of pure hydrogen. I know simply finding a water source and filtering it is an easier solution, but I'm really interested in figuring out a practical means of synthesizing water.
That's all for now I guess.
EDIT: CH4 is methane gas, by the way.
Now get this. What if the carbon dioxide produced is filtered to an area populated by Arhaea bacteria? They would produce methane as a byproduct of eating the carbon dioxide and water as well! Only major problem: Archaea require very hot areas to live.
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Would you guys agree that the easiest way to get water, in the greatest quantity, while causing the least amount of environmental damage, is through desalinization?
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Recycling water in a micro-system:
Reusing the water with in the home is as important as within a city. The house should be designed to use the water in many steps before entering the city recycling. This will reduce the size and power consumption of the recycling plant, reduce the price (if we need to buy some from the city) or the worry of water shortage (from a well or rain water collection).
Step one: clean water storage is used in sinks, showers and other systems necessary to have clean water, then sent to a gray water holding.
Step two: grey water can by used a second time in toilets or to water indoor greenhouse produce. (people will have to become aware of what they put down the drain)
Step three: finally the grey water is used again and sent to the black water system (sewage, septic) which can vary depending on where the structure is located in relation to the center of town and agriculture. Basically, within the house you use the water three times before it is even sent to the city recycling center which greatly reduces energy costs and time consumption.
**Benifits of septic in certain locations is the later use of fertilizer, and methane collectors can be placed on them for use of power or gas appliances.
earthship.org- is a source of some designs for the plumbing and water systems. I also have his books and movie which I will be glad to share with anyone interested.
cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/healthywater/privatewell.htm- government standards for drilling wells and help for the safety of the water collected from a well.
evolveshowerheads.com- one of many companies with efficient water related products (mostly low flow shower heads)
sancorindustries.com- a variety of green plumbing solutions, from toilets that use a pint of water to composing toilets you can use in your garden, regular toilets use 3-7 gallons per flush, urinals use 5 GPF
So using the water several times within your own home and having a few specialized appliances such as low flow toilets and showers will eliminate a lot of the water issues we have in the desert. Currently, you can reduce your water bill 20-30% with these products if you don't have water wasting appliances or a pool (which evaporates quickly here). Applying an efficient and reusable water system will make water a non issue for the entire city.
slingshot water purifier
"A Dream you dream Alone, is a Dream you dream Alone; But a Dream you dream Together becomes Reality." Raul Seixas
This is the Nevada Revised Statutes (NRS) for digging wells. Apparently, it needs to be checked out before a well can be dug to make sure it won't hurt any other areas "downstream".
NRS 534.050 Permit to appropriate water required before sinking well in designated groundwater basin; requirements in undesignated areas; waivers; penalties.
1. Except as otherwise provided in subsection 2 and NRS 534.180, every person desiring to sink or bore a well in any basin or portion therein in the State designated by the State Engineer, as provided for in this chapter, must first make application to and obtain from the State Engineer a permit to appropriate the water, pursuant to the provisions of chapter 533 of NRS relating to the appropriation of the public waters, before performing any work in connection with the boring or sinking of the well.
2. Upon written application and a showing of good cause, the State Engineer may issue a written waiver of the requirements of subsection 1:
(a) For exploratory wells to be drilled to determine the availability of water or the quality of available water;
(b) To allow temporary use of the water in constructing a highway or exploring for water, oil, gas, minerals or geothermal resources; or
(c) For wells to be drilled in shallow groundwater systems and pumped to alleviate potential hazards to persons and property resulting from the rise of groundwater caused by secondary recharge. If practical, approved by the State Engineer and consistent with this chapter and chapter 533 of NRS, the withdrawn water must be used for some other beneficial use.
3. In other basins or portions of basins which have not been designated by the State Engineer no application or permit to appropriate water is necessary until after the well is sunk or bored and water developed. Before any diversion of water may be made from the well, the appropriator must make application to and obtain from the State Engineer, pursuant to the provisions of chapter 533 of NRS, a permit to appropriate the water.
4. Upon written application and a showing of good cause, the State Engineer may issue a written waiver of the requirements of subsection 3, to allow temporary use of water in constructing a highway or exploring for water, oil, gas, minerals or geothermal resources.
5. Any person using water after a permit has been withdrawn, denied, cancelled, revoked or forfeited is guilty of a misdemeanor. Each day of violation of this subsection constitutes a separate offense and is separately punishable.
rather than purchasing water purification systems, I have been thinking of ways to make a large scale distillery of water utilizing nothing but solar power, either through mirrors or panels, or whatever is necessary to cause evaporation.
but if my ideas fail, then purchasing such a system would be the wisest choice so good find Kirana!
I'm sure solar distillers will be an easy enough concept to accomplish. We may want to implement a few other purification ideas as well just for safety and purity of the element that brings life.
This is a scientist's village design basing everything on solar energy. I wrote to them and received a response once, but not for a while. I was trying to find out how to use some of these ideas for larger projects. Anyone else wants to contact them feel free.
"A Dream you dream Alone, is a Dream you dream Alone; But a Dream you dream Together becomes Reality." Raul Seixas
how about stting up a frequency based purification system it would use a specific frequency that causes water to dissassosiat then you ignite it and boom back into water but pure the only issue would be seperating the gas from the old liquid and combusting it in a new clean container.
I sugest this because it can be done vary fast and inline with the water storage tanks generating frequency is vary low power and effeciant. the water will be molecularly pure or should be you will need to add minirals as pure water is a bit caustic and will leach metal from the tanks and persons drinking it.
Possible Solution for Freshwater Scarcity Problem
By Neil Desmond
Background
Freshwater is something that I'm sure everyone knows is needed for drinking & irrigation. It is also used for industrial applications: ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/wuin.html
One way of desalinating saltwater is a process called reverse osmosis. The way this works is it basically forces saltwater against a semipermeable membrane to filter out the salt content with pressure. For seawater, the pressure needed is around 400 pounds per square inch (psi).
What if the underwater currents and turbines are used to drive these pumps - just like what's mentioned in Zeitgeist: Addendum:
The idea would be to have enough of them to pump and fill reservoirs & water towers (on land) whenever the pumps are powered by ocean waves or underwater currents. Maybe underwater reservoirs can be used to fill them up during periods of low ocean wave or underwater current activity.
Here's another example:
The mechanism could be directly connected to the pumps mechanically, so no electrical system is needed.
Conclusion
With the combination of these technologies, freshwater can be produces without having to burn fuels for producing it. With more freshwater available, more irrigation and maybe even terraforming the more barren parts of earth can happen.
Calculations
I'm trying to work on some calculations. Here's what I have so far:
Pumping water through pipes
power needed = (water flow rate)x (water density)x(H+HL) where H is the lift of water from pump to outflow and HL is the effective head loss from water flow in the pipe.
For example, moving water uphill 100 feet at 3 feet per second through a pipeline that is one mile long and 2 inches in diameter, requires 4.8 horsepower.
Source: www.iags.org/n0813043.htm
The height is 130 feet for a tower + 900 for the required undersea depth = 1,030 feet.
4.8 horsepower x 1,030 feet / 100 feet is about 50 horsepower. 50 x 750 watts = 37.5 KW.
Based on these calculations, it seems like 2 of these ocean current test turbines can provide enough power to get the same results as the example for pumping water through pipes.
A forum member who goes by the username surbitonpete mentioned this:
More Calculations
More calculations (based on calculation information from my previous post on this thread), Los Angeles water production rate example, assuming each current turbine gets a continuous current of seawater to power them:
Assuming production of 500 million gallons per day (rounded up to nearest 100 million) based on the production of 463 million gallons per day: mayor.lacity.org/stellent/groups/ElectedOfficials/@MYR_CH_Contributor/documents/Contributor_Web_Content/LACITY_004714.pdf, a flow of 3 feet per second through a pipe 2 inches in diameter, and calculating the volume of a cylinder (V = πr2h), this gives us a radius (r) of 1 inch, a height (h) of 36 inches, which comes out to V = 3.1416 x 1 x 1 x 36 = 113.1 cubic inches; so the production rate is 113.1 cubic inches per second.
There are 231 cubic inches in a gallon, so that's almost a gallon every 2 seconds. There are 86,400 seconds in a day (24 hours x 60 (minutes/hour) * 60 (seconds/minute)); that means that each current turbine can produce (86,400 seconds x 1 gallon / 2 seconds) / (2 current turbines) = 21,600 gallons per day.
So, the number of current turbines needed is (500 million gallons per day) / (21,600 gallons per day) = 23,148. If each turbine is given a 30 foot by 30 foot area (900 square feet), in other words, they're spaced 30 feet apart from each other in a grid pattern (e.g., 150 by 150), then they'd cover an area of just under 21 million square feet; that's less than 0.75 of a square mile. To put this in perspective, if you look at a map showing LAX, the side facing the coast is about a mile long.
Comparison to Using Solar Cells
For comparison, I did some research on using solar cells to power the pumps to provide enough of a rate of water flow to Los Angeles. Here's my source for 2 pieces of data (cost per watt and area per watt):
To produce 37.5kW, it will cost 37.5kW x $7/W = $262,500 worth of solar cells.
To purchase solar cells to provide enough power to produce enough water for Los Angeles, it will cost: 463 MW x $262,500/37.5kW = $3,241,000,000
That's 3.24 billion dollars!
The total for the solar cells and land alone is 1.925 + 3.24 = 5.165 billion dollars! This doesn't take into account a few more things, such as cost for electric pumps, wiring to go from the solar cells to the electric pumps, and loss of energy from transmission & conversion from electricity to mechanical work.
Don't forget, solar cells don't work at night or when it's not sunny.
so good find Kirana! 
